neuromuscular structures involving the temporomandibular joint components, and surrounding musculature and osseous components. These disorders are a significant public health problem affecting approximately 5% to 12% of the population. TMD is the second most common musculoskeletal condition (after chronic low back pain) resulting in pain and disability. TMD can impact the individual’s daily activities, psychosocial functioning, and quality of life. Common symptoms include decreased mandibular range of motion, muscle and joint pain or dysfunction, earache, headache, and facial pain, joint crepitus, and functional limitation or deviation of jaw opening. The etiology of TMD is multifactorial and includes biologic, environmental, social, emotional, and cognitive triggers. Most patients improve with a combination of noninvasive therapies, including patient education, self-care, cognitive behavior therapy, pharmacotherapy, physical therapy, and occlusal devices. The purpose of this article is to discuss contemporary diagnostic and treatment approaches to temporomandibular disorders.