Architectural History courses, typically characterized by intensive oral instruction, can significantly benefit from various teaching techniques that enhance students’ learning processes and knowledge retention. In this study, the effects of teaching techniques that can be used in architectural history courses on students' learning processes were analysed. The techniques examined include group work, augmented reality (AR), 3D architectural models, student presentations, virtual reality (VR), and traditional slide-supported lectures enriched with visual materials such as photographs, video animations, and 3D animations. The study was carried out on university students in a Department of Architecture in Turkey, which has been providing education for more than 50 years.

Students were divided into groups to prepare weekly lecture notes with graphic designed. This technique encourages repetition and reinforcement of the subject matter through collaboration. Group work facilitates peer learning and the development of diverse perspectives. Concurrently, other student groups created short presentations on weekly topics, enhancing their research, organization, and presentation skills. These presentations foster a deeper understanding of the material and improve students’ ability to convey knowledge to others.

In another technique, 3D models of the architectural subjects taught in the lectures and the architectural buildings mentioned in these subjects were followed with AR technique using mobile phones. This method provides an interactive and visually rich learning experience, helping to concretize abstract concepts and making the material more engaging. Simultaneously, another group followed the lesson content using 3D architectural models. This technique aims to enhance spatial awareness and comprehension of architectural details through physical models, supporting knowledge retention with spatial and temporal context.

In another example, Students experienced three-dimensional spaces related to the curriculum using VR glasses. VR allows students to virtually visit historical sites and buildings, strengthening spatial and visual memory and making learning more immersive and impactful.

Finally, the instructor used slides enriched with visual materials to present the course content. This classical method presents information in a structured way and attracts students' attention by supporting it with visual materials. However, it may offer a more passive learning experience than other interactive techniques.

The effects of all applied techniques were compared through the students' exam results. Group work and presentations enhanced collaboration and communication skills. AR and VR techniques supported visual and spatial learning, while 3D models improved understanding through physical interaction. Traditional slide-based lectures provided structured information delivery but were less interactive. Overall, interactive and visual techniques had a more positive impact on students’ learning processes and knowledge retention.